TY - GOVDOC T1 - What we heard: Primary agriculture review PB - Government of Canada, Employment and Social Development Canada N2 - Background The Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW) Program assists Canadian employers with filling their labour requirements when qualified Canadians and permanent residents are not available and ensures that temporary foreign workers are protected while in Canada. The Program is employer demand-driven and is an option for employers to address immediate skills and labour needs on a temporary basis. In 1966, the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) was established to help meet the seasonal labour needs of Canadian agricultural producers. Over time, the SAWP expanded to include workers from Mexico and eleven Caribbean countries, and the Agricultural Stream was created to include workers from all countries. In 2013, “primary agriculture” was defined in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations as work on/in a farm, nursery or greenhouse that involves the operation of agricultural machinery or the production or harvesting of plants or animals/animal products. Currently employers can hire a temporary foreign worker for primary agriculture work under four options in the Primary Agriculture Stream: The Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program The Agricultural Stream The Low-Wage Stream The High-Wage Stream To access the SAWP or the Agricultural Stream, the agricultural production must be on the National Commodities List (NCL). Y1 - 2019/// UR - https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/services/foreign-workers/reports/primary-agriculture.html UR - https://www.canada.ca/fr/emploi-developpement-social/services/travailleurs-etrangers/rapports/agriculture-primaire.html Y2 - 2019-10-12 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Retour à l'expéditeur A1 - Champagne, Sarah R. Y1 - 2017/12/26/ UR - http://www.ledevoir.com/documents/special/17-12_guatemala/index.html Y2 - 2017-12-26 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - B.C. court approves migrant workers' class-action lawsuit against Mac’s Convenience Stores A1 - Keung, Nicholas Y1 - 2017/10/27/ UR - https://www.thestar.com/news/immigration/2017/10/27/bc-court-approves-migrant-workers-class-action-lawsuit-against-macs-convenience-stores.html Y2 - 2017-12-26 JA - Toronto Star ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Beyond Our Plates- Report CY - Vancouver,Canada PB - Migrant Workers' Dignity Association (MWDA) N2 - Before sharing our experiences of working with Temporary Foreign Farm Workers (TFFWs) with you, we asked the workers what they wanted us to tell you so as to best relate the conditions they endure. Every one of them advised us: tell them about our job stories, tell them about all the things that our hearts are suffering. By telling you some of their stories, we will make some recommendations and we hope to answer, at least in part, the following questions: * Who is involved in the production of the food we eat? * What is the real price that we are paying for our food? * Why are TFFWs called temporary and "guest" when they live in Canada for longer periods than in their own countries? * Why do the governments, as well as farm employers, think that Temporary Foreign Worker Programs (TFWPs) are successful programs? * What can Canadians do to stop the new slavery and social apartheid of TFFWs? *Why are Canadians concerned with eating local and organic produce but do not care about the unethical treatment of TFFWs? A1 - Migrant Workers' Dignity Association,  Y1 - 2017/// KW - Migrants story and abuse UR - https://dignidadmigrante.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/MWDA-BeyondOurPlates_web.pdf Y2 - 2017-04-12 ER - TY - PAMP T1 - Caregiving Work in Canada CY - Canada PB - Kwentong Bayan Collective N2 - Canadian families have always relied on domestic workers. This was true before Confederation, when Canadian families used Indigenous and Black women as slaves. This was also true afterwards, when the Canadian government recruited women from overseas to work as domestic workers. A1 - Graphic History Collective,  Y1 - 2017/// KW - immigration KW - Canadian Policy KW - Domestic Work KW - World War II KW - Employment Standards Act UR - http://graphichistorycollective.com/files/2017/02/RRR03-Caregivers-Web.pdf Y2 - 2017-03-29 ER - TY - GOVDOC T1 - Transition from Temporary Foreign Workers to Permanent Residents, 1990 to 2014 IS - 389 PB - Statistique Canada N2 - The number of temporary foreign workers in Canada increased considerably since the early 1990s. Temporary foreign workers also became an increasingly important source of permanent residents admitted to Canada over this period. Using the Temporary Residents File and the Immigrant Landing File, this article documents the changes in the levels and types of new temporary foreign workers who arrived in Canada from 1990 to 2014. It further examines the patterns of transition from temporary foreign workers to permanent residents, and the immigration classes through which temporary foreign workers obtained permanent residence. A1 - Lu, Yuqian A1 - Hou , Feng Y1 - 2017/// KW - foreign workers KW - TFWP KW - immigrations KW - temporary foreign work KW - residency KW - IMP UR - http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2017389-eng.pdf Y2 - 2017-03-06 VL - 11F0019M ER - TY - EJOUR T1 - Three things for Canada to consider as trade talks with China move forward CY - Canada PB - Taylor Owen N2 - With the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) now a fait accompli, Canada is pushing forward on another big trade file — its first bilateral trade agreement with China. While reaching an actual deal could take years, recent world events have made the deepening of relations with China an attractive option for Canada. As with any free trade agreement, there are a myriad of concerns that need to be addressed for the deal to be palatable to both countries. But given previous disagreements on important areas, such as China’s human rights record, it is unlikely that both parties will agree on everything brought to the table in preliminary meetings. A1 - Ferreira, Jennifer Y1 - 2017/// KW - International KW - trades KW - CETA KW - NAFTA UR - https://www.opencanada.org/features/three-things-canada-consider-trade-talks-china-move-forward/ Y2 - 2017-03-06 JA - OpenCanada ER - TY - NEWS T1 - BREAKING NEWS: Deportation order against migrant activist Gina Bahiwal cancelled N2 - After an outpouring of support from all across Canada, the deportation order for migrant activist Gina Bahiwal has been cancelled. Huge thanks to everyone who took the time to write letters of support; grassroots public pressure makes a difference. Gina’s struggle was also supported by dedicated work from her lawyer, Richard Wazana of Wazana Law. Y1 - 2017/// KW - Incarceration of migrant workers UR - https://harvestingfreedom.org/2017/01/13/breaking-news-deportation-order-against-migrant-activist-gina-bahiwal-cancelled/ Y2 - 2017-01-13 JA - Haversting freedom SP - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Leamington, Ont. migrant worker receives last-minute deportation reprieve CY - Windsor N2 - Gina Bahiwal had her bags packed to return to the Philippines when she learned she could stay in Canada.A Leamington, Ont. migrant worker had her bags packed in anticipation of her impending deportation this Sunday when she learned it had been cancelled at the last minute.Gina Bahiwal came to Canada from the Philippines in 2008 under the Temporary Foreign Workers Program and worked packing vegetables, as a housekeeper and in the fast food industry. Y1 - 2017/01/13/ KW - Deportation UR - http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/gina-bahiwal-migrant-worker-leamington-not-deported-1.3935481 Y2 - 2017-01-30 JA - CBC News SP - 1 M2 - 1 SP - 1 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Businesses applaud changes to allow temporary foreign workers to stay as long as permits renewed N2 - Ottawa’s decision to scrap a controversial rule that limited how long foreign workers can stay in Canada is being welcomed by businesses, analysts and migrant worker advocates as the first step in a series of reforms they hope will ultimately transform the immigration system. A1 - Dharssi, Alia Y1 - 2017/// KW - Temporary Foreign Workers UR - http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/businesses-applaud-changes-to-allow-temporary-foreign-workers-to-remain-in-canada-as-long-as-they-want Y2 - 2017-01-12 JA - National Post SP - 2 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - NDP Want Temporary Foreign Worker Program Audited N2 - The federal Liberal government says it is eliminating the controversial four-in, four-out program for temporary foreign workers, and while Essex MP Tracey Ramsey is happy to see it go, she says Ottawa needs to take it further. A1 - Loiselle, Adèle Y1 - 2017/// KW - Temporary Foreign Worker Program UR - http://blackburnnews.com/windsor/windsor-news/2016/12/26/ndp-want-temporary-foreign-worker-program-audited/ Y2 - 2017-01-12 JA - BLACKBURNNEWS.COM SP - 1 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Just 3 employers fined or banned after overhaul of foreign worker program N2 - A year after Ottawa rolled out new regulations to crack down on non-compliant employers, only three businesses have been fined or banned from the migrant workers program. A1 - Keung, Nicholas Y1 - 2017/// KW - Employers and violation UR - https://www.thestar.com/news/immigration/2017/01/03/just-3-employers-fined-or-banned-after-overhaul-of-foreign-worker-program.html Y2 - 2017-01-13 JA - The star SP - 1 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - The murky world of the agencies that recruit temporary foreign workers CY - Calgary N2 - Chances are the migrant workers building condos in Vancouver, cleaning hotel rooms in Alberta or picking tomatoes in Ontario greenhouses paid fees to come to Canada and work in their low-paying jobs.In some cases, workers are further abused by recruiters who control their money, housing and movements. A1 - Dharssi, Alia Y1 - 2016/// KW - Agencies case of abuse UR - http://calgaryherald.com/news/national/the-murky-world-of-the-agencies-that-recruit-temporary-foreign-workers Y2 - 2016-11-10 JA - Calgary Herald SP - 1 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - McCallum says 50% increase in immigration to 450,000 might be too ambitious PB - CBC news N2 - Federal government will announce 2017 immigration numbers next month. But a high-powered group of external advisers is calling for a dramatic increase in Canada's immigration levels, but Immigration Minister John McCallum says that might be too ambitious. A1 - Blanchfield, Mike Y1 - 2016/// KW - Increase immigration in Canada UR - http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/immigration-system-increase-mccallum-1.3812749 Y2 - 2016-11-10 JA - The Canadian Press SP - 1 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Migrante hits Canada’s ‘oppressive’ revised worker program N2 - A FILIPINO alliance of migrant rights advocates slammed the Canadian government’s revised temporary foreign workers program (TFWP), calling it “exploitative,” “oppressive” and supposedly had no regard for the welfare of migrant workers. Migrante Canada said the reviewed TFWP report was an imbalance between business interests and the well-being of the workforce, which it said was being treated as “commodities to be manipulated, used up, and thrown away.” “The fact is clear from the report: government refuses to see migrant workers as human beings who were spewed out from small neo-liberal-policy-restricted economic systems and catapulted to work in larger and more “managed” and totally neo-liberal economic systems, like that of Canada,” the group said in a statement. Y1 - 2016/// KW - Migrants law UR - http://globalnation.inquirer.net/145487/migrante-hits-canadas-oppressive-revised-worker-program Y2 - 2016-09-30 JA - Inquirer SP - 1 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Integral to Canada’s economy, immigrants deserve more support PB - The Globe and Mail N2 - Six Degrees: Experiments in Pluralism is an essay series devoted to exploring Canada’s emerging identity as an experimental society. The inaugural 6 Degrees “citizen space,” presented by the Institute for Canadian Citizenship, will take place in Toronto from Sept. 19 to 21. 6degreescanada.com John Ralston Saul is the author of The Collapse of Globalism (2005), which predicted much of today’s international economic strife, as well as the return of aggressive nationalism and populism. He is president emeritus of PEN International and co-chair of the Institute for Canadian Citizenship. A1 - Saul, John Ralston Y1 - 2016/07/22/ UR - http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/integral-to-canadas-economy-immigrants-deserve-more-support/article31079752/ Y2 - 2016-08-09 JA - The Globe and Mail ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Temporary Foreign Worker program under review PB - Radio Canada N2 - Four migrant workers testified at the Standing Committee on Human Resources, Skills and Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities (HUMA) today (16 May 2016), explaining the need for permanent status, open work permits, and comprehensive reforms. A1 - Kilkenny, Carmel Y1 - 2016/05/16/ UR - http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2016/05/16/temporary-foreign-worker-program-under-review/ Y2 - 2016-05-27 JA - Radio Canada ER - TY - EJOUR T1 - Les habits neufs de l’esclavage PB - revues.org N2 - L’esclavage, comme la traite des esclaves, a été une pratique soutenue, codifiée, instituée par les États. Puis, à partir de la fin du xviiie siècle, avec le développement d’une internationale abolitionniste transatlantique et les luttes des esclaves eux-mêmes, l’esclavage a été encadré, réglementé, pour être progressivement officiellement aboli. Enfin, l’esclavage a fait l’objet d’interdits internationaux, de sanctions pénales internes et apparemment d’une réprobation morale universelle. Or, si l’esclavage dans sa version d’antan a été aboli partout en tant que forme de travail autorisé par la loi, de même que le statut juridique d’esclave a disparu des législations en vigueur, ces usages sont loin d’avoir été complètement éliminés. Sinon comment comprendre l’inflation sans pareil des appellations les plus diverses : « travail forcé » ou « obligatoire » (ou même parfois « travail forcé nouveau »), « servage » (considéré comme l’équivalent de l’esclavage agraire), « formes extrêmes de dépendance », « travail contraint », « esclavage contemporain » ou « moderne » – appelé ici « esclavage métaphorique » par Alain Morice –, « servitude pour dette » (souvent désignée par les termes « travail servile »), « travail non libre », exploitation de certains travailleurs (ou travailleuses) migrants, de la main-d’œuvre enfantine, « esclavage domestique », etc., autrement que comme la prolifération multiforme, en dépit de l’inscription de ces prohibitions dans des traités internationaux, de nouveaux avatars, dont une part apparaît en contournement des diverses abolitions. Quand telle pratique est rendue impossible, surgissent d’autres formes sournoises d’appropriation du travail. A1 - Botte, Roger Y1 - 2015/11/17/ UR - http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/5573?lang=en Y2 - 2016-06-21 JA - Cahiers d'études africaines ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Swept Under the Rug: Abuses against Domestic Workers Around the World IS - vol. 18, no. 7 PB - Human Rights Watch A1 - Human Rights Watch,  Y1 - 2015/// KW - Trafficking KW - Forced Labour KW - Wage Exploitation UR - https://www.hrw.org/report/2006/07/27/swept-under-rug/abuses-against-domestic-workers-around-world Y2 - 2015-11-06 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Human Right to Citizenship CY - Philadelphia PB - University of Pennsylvania Press Y1 - 2015/// ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Price of Rights N2 - Many low-income countries and development organizations are calling for greater liberalization of labor immigration policies in high-income countries. At the same time, human rights organizations and migrant rights advocates demand more equal rights for migrant workers. The Price of Rights shows why you cannot always have both. Martin Ruhs analyzes how high-income countries restrict the rights of migrant workers as part of their labor immigration policies and discusses the implications for global debates about regulating labor migration and protecting migrants. The book comprehensively looks at the tensions between human rights and citizenship rights, the agency and interests of migrants and states, and the determinants and ethics of labor immigration policy. A1 - Ruhs, Martin Y1 - 2015/// ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Guests and Aliens CY - New York, NY PB - The New Press N2 - Guests and Aliens presents a comprehensive analysis of worldwide immigration by one of the world’s leading experts on globalization. Putting the current “crisis” of immigration into a historical context for the first time, Sassen suggests that the American experience represents only one phase in a history of global border crossing. She describes the mass migrations of Italians and Eastern European Jews during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and the international dislocations—particularly after the end of World War II—that have engendered the “refugee” concept. Using these examples, Sassen explores the causes of immigration that have resulted in nations’ welcoming incomers as “guests” or disparaging them as “aliens,” and outlines an “enlightened approach” (Publishers Weekly) to improving US and European immigration policies. A1 - Sassen, Saskia Y1 - 2015/// KW - Globalization KW - International Dislocation KW - Refugee ER - TY - BOOK T1 - One Man Great Enough: Abraham Lincoln's Road to Civil War CY - Orlando, FL PB - Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company N2 - From Lincoln's first public rejection of slavery to his secret arrival in the capital, from his stunning debates with Stephen Douglas to his contemplative moments considering the state of the country he loved, Waugh shows us America as Lincoln saw it and as Lincoln described it. Much of this wonderful story is told by Lincoln himself, detailing through his own writing his emergence onto the political scene and the evolution of his beliefs about the Union, the Constitution, democracy, slavery, and civil war. Waugh brings Lincoln’s path into new relief by letting the great man tell his own story, at a depth that brings us ever closer to understanding this mysterious, complicated, truly great man. A1 - Waugh, John C. Y1 - 2015/// KW - Union KW - Constitution KW - Democracy KW - Slavery KW - Civil War ER - TY - BOOK T1 - About Canada: Immigration CY - Nova Scotia, Canada PB - Frenwood Pulishing N2 - Many Canadians believe that immigrants steal jobs away from qualified Canadians, abuse the healthcare system and refuse to participate in Canadian culture. In About Canada: Immigration, Gogia and Slade challenge these myths with a thorough investigation of the realities of immigrating to Canada. Examining historical immigration policies, the authors note that these policies were always fundamentally racist, favouring whites, unless hard labourers were needed. Although current policies are no longer explicitly racist, they do continue to favour certain kinds of applicants. Many recent immigrants to Canada are highly trained and educated professionals, and yet few of them, contrary to the myth, find work in their area of expertise. Despite the fact that these experts could contribute significantly to Canadian society, deeply ingrained racism, suspicion and fear keep immigrants out of these jobs. On the other hand, Canada also requires construction workers, nannies and agricultural workers — but few immigrants who do this work qualify for citizenship. About Canada: Immigration argues that we need to move beyond the myths and build an immigration policy that meets the needs of Canadian society. A1 - Gogia, Nupur A1 - Slade, Bonnie Y1 - 2015/// KW - immigration ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Why Is Stephen Harper Sending Domestic Workers Back to 1973? A1 - Hussan, Syed Y1 - 2014/12/02/ KW - Temporary Foreign Workers KW - Domestic Workers KW - Caregivers KW - Citizenship KW - Permanent Residence UR - http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/syed-hussan/canada-immigration_b_6238252.html Y2 - 2014-12-03 JA - Huffington Post ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Home and a Hard Place: A Roundtable on Migrant Labour N2 - While migrant worker organizing has a long and established position in American labour history, the stories and struggles of migrant workers in Canada remain less well known. In recent years the Canadian state has created a series of labour policies that both ease the entry of temporary workers to the country and impose on them a distinct set of laws governing working conditions, applications for status, the right to unionize, and job security. Together this dual system of labour regulation has been described as a form of status-based “labour apartheid.” While differences exist in how migrant workers are disciplined and regulated by the Canadian state, the ways in which workers have tried to organize follow similar patterns and face similar challenges. This roundtable includes organizers who have worked with either migrant domestic workers or farm workers. By their accounts, the challenges involved in developing migrant worker movements led by the workers themselves have been significant. The reality is that the conditions imposed on migrant workers by the Canadian government and employers make it extremely difficult for them to organize themselves without the initiative and continuing support of allies. The participants in this roundtable discuss these conditions and the challenges to be met. Evelyn Calugay and Tess Tesalona have worked with PINAY, the first Filipina women’s organization in Québec. Founded in 1991 by a social worker, PINAY focuses on the issues faced by domestic workers, both nationally and internationally, and is a member of Migrante International. Evelyn is the chairperson of PINAY. Tess is an organizer with PINAY, and a former coordinator of the Immigrant Worker’s Centre in Montréal. Adriana Paz, Aylwin Lo, and Chris Ramsaroop work with Justicia for Migrant Workers (J4MW), a grassroots collective based in Toronto and Vancouver. J4MW was established in 2002, following a series of investigative missions by activists to farming communities in Ontario. It supports the rights of seasonal Caribbean and Mexican migrant workers who work under the federal government’s Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP). Adriana is based in Vancouver. Aylwin and Chris are based in Toronto. Y1 - 2014/// UR - http://uppingtheanti.org/journal/article/07-home-and-a-hard-place/ Y2 - 2014-07-11 JA - Upping the Anti VL - 7 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Culling the Masses: The Democratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Americas N2 - Culling the Masses questions the widely held view that in the long run democracy and racism cannot coexist. David Scott FitzGerald and David Cook-Martín show that democracies were the first countries in the Americas to select immigrants by race, and undemocratic states the first to outlaw discrimination. Through analysis of legal records from twenty-two countries between 1790 and 2010, the authors present a history of the rise and fall of racial selection in the Western Hemisphere. The United States led the way in using legal means to exclude "inferior" ethnic groups. Starting in 1790, Congress began passing nationality and immigration laws that prevented Africans and Asians from becoming citizens, on the grounds that they were inherently incapable of self-government. Similar policies were soon adopted by the self-governing colonies and dominions of the British Empire, eventually spreading across Latin America as well. Undemocratic regimes in Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Cuba reversed their discriminatory laws in the 1930s and 1940s, decades ahead of the United States and Canada. The conventional claim that racism and democracy are antithetical--because democracy depends on ideals of equality and fairness, which are incompatible with the notion of racial inferiority--cannot explain why liberal democracies were leaders in promoting racist policies and laggards in eliminating them. Ultimately, the authors argue, the changed racial geopolitics of World War II and the Cold War was necessary to convince North American countries to reform their immigration and citizenship laws. A1 - Fitzgerald, David Y1 - 2014/// UR - http://www.amazon.com/Culling-Masses-Democratic-Immigration-Americas/dp/0674729048 Y2 - 2014-06-24 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Canada’s live-in caregiver program ‘ran out of control’ and will be reformed: Jason Kenney A1 - Hough, Jennifer Y1 - 2014/06/24/ UR - http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/06/24/canadas-live-in-caregiver-program-ran-out-of-control-and-will-be-reformed-jason-kenney/?__federated=1 Y2 - 2014-06-25 JA - The National Post ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Tory government fails to inspect a single place hiring temporary foreign workers despite promise made last year A1 - Canadian Press,  A1 - Rennie, Steve Y1 - 2014/06/20/ UR - http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/06/20/tory-government-fails-to-inspect-a-single-place-hiring-temporary-foreign-workers-despite-promise-made-last-year/ Y2 - 2014-07-08 JA - The National Post ER - TY - ADVS T1 - Règles plus strictes pour le programme des travailleurs étrangers Entrevue avec Eugénie Depatie-Pelletier CY - Radio-Canada (RDI 24/60) PB - Radio-Canada N2 - À 15 min 30 sec : Les Canadiens d’abord : c’est le nom du programme annoncé aujourd’hui par le ministre de l’Emploi Jason Kenney. Ottawa veut limiter à 10% le nombre de travailleurs étrangers temporaires peu rémunérés au sein d’une entreprise. Ces changements surviennent après une série de scandales ces derniers mois. Anne-Marie reçoit Eugénie Depatie-Pelletier. Elle est coordonnatrice du programme de recherche sur les travailleurs temporaires au CÉRIUM, à l’Université de Montréal. A1 - Eugénie Depatie-Pelletier,  A1 - Radio Canada,  Y1 - 2014/06/20/ UR - http://www.cerium.ca/Regles-plus-strictes-pour-le Y2 - 2014-07-08 ER - TY - ADVS T1 - Révision du programme des travailleurs étrangers Entrevue avec Eugénie Depatie-Pelletier CY - Radio-Canada (RDI en direct) PB - Radio-Canada N2 - Radio-Canada (RDI en direct) Révision du programme des travailleurs étrangers Entrevue avec Eugénie Depatie-Pelletier A1 - Eugénie Depatie-Pelletier,  A1 - Radio Canada,  Y1 - 2014/06/20/ UR - http://www.cerium.ca/Revision-du-programme-des Y2 - 2014-07-08 ER - TY - GEN T1 - Explaining the screams for easy-to-exploit temporary foreign workers: Canadians are juste too uppity for many low-wage employers PB - David J. Climenhaga N2 - British Columbia Premier Christy Clark rose in that province’s Legislative Building in Victoria yesterday and apologized for a stream of racist laws and policies that began to be introduced almost a century and a half ago to control and exploit Chinese immigration. “While the governments which passed these laws and polices acted in a manner that was lawful at the time, today this racist discrimination is seen by British Columbians – represented by all members in this Legislative Assembly – as unacceptable and intolerable,” Ms. Clark told the Legislature. “We believe this formal apology is required to ensure that closure can be reached on this dark period in our province’s history,” she said, adding that all parties in the Legislature acknowledged “the hardship and suffering our past provincial governments imposed on Chinese Canadians.” It’s about time someone apologized. A1 - Climenhaga , David J. Y1 - 2014/05/16/ UR - http://albertadiary.ca/2014/05/explaining-the-screams-for-easy-to-exploit-temporary-foreign-workers-canadians-are-just-too-uppity-for-many-low-wage-employers.html Y2 - 2014-05-21 ER - TY - EJOUR T1 - The Next Chapter for Ontario Agriculture Workers A1 - UFCW Canada,  Y1 - 2014/// KW - Systemic Problem ER - TY - MGZN T1 - Temporary foreign workers: How federal settlement policies overlook some newcomers A1 - St-Aubin, Zoё A1 - Bucklaschuk , Jill Y1 - 2014/04/15/ UR - http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/policyfix/2014/04/temporary-foreign-workers-how-federal-settlement-policies-overlook- Y2 - 2014-04-16 JA - Rabble.ca ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Liberating Temporariness? Migration, Work, and Citizenship in an Age of Insecurity CY - Canada PB - McGill's-Queen N2 - "Liberating Temporariness? explores the complex ways in which temporariness is being institutionalized as a condition of life for a growing number of people worldwide. The collection emphasizes contemporary developments, but also provides historical context on nation-state membership as the fundamental means for accessing rights in an era of expanding temporariness - in recognition of why pathways to permanence remain so compelling. Through empirical and theoretical analysis, contributors explore various dimensions of temporariness, especially as it relates to the legal status of migrants and refugees, to the spread of precarious employment, and to limitations on social rights. While the focus is on Canada, a number of chapters investigate and contrast developments in Canada with those in Europe as well as Australia and the United States. Together, these essays reveal changing and enduring temporariness at local, regional, national, transnational, and global levels, and in different domains, such as health care, language programs, and security. The question at the heart of this collection is whether temporariness can be liberated from current constraints. While not denying the desirability of permanence for migrants and labourers, Liberating Temporariness? presents alternative possibilities of security and liberation." A1 - F. Vosko, Leah A1 - Preston, Valerie A1 - Latham, Robert Y1 - 2014/// ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Racialized In Justice: The Legal and Extra-legal Struggles of Migrant Agricultural Workers in Canada IS - 2 CY - Windsor, Ontario PB - University of Windsor, Faculty of Law N2 - Considerable attention has been directed at the Supreme Court of Canada’s 2011 Fraser decision regarding the constitutional right to freedom of association of agricultural workers in Ontario. While these interventions rightly tend to chastise the Court’s ruling denying meaningful associational rights, a marked indifference exists toward the racialized dimensions of the ruling and of agricultural labour production in Canada more broadly. But an application of the insights of critical race theory, while necessary to addressing the limits of contemporary jurisprudential and scholarly legal analysis, fails to sufficiently confront the particularities of labour exploitation embedded in Canada’s temporary labour migration regime. Striving to deepen the study of racialization, labour and law in Canada, I situate the legal and extra-legal struggles of migrant agricultural workers within an anti-racist class analysis of law attentive to the ways racialization and racism infuse labour migration. The racialized class construction of migrant labour -- a “structural necessity” within agricultural production -- occurs through the imposition of politico-legal impediments organized through global capitalism and the system of national states. The analysis ends by advocating a turn away from prevailing approaches to the study and practice of labour law to a transgressive agenda concerned with openly contesting capitalist exploitation in all forms including racialized legal regulation of migrant agricultural labour. Une attention considérable a été accordée à la décision de la Cour suprême du Canada rendue en 2011 dans l’arrêt Fraser, qui portait sur le droit constitutionnel à la liberté d’association des travailleurs agricoles en Ontario. Bien que les interventions tendent à juste titre à critiquer la décision de la Cour rejetant des droits d’association significatifs, il existe une indifférence marquée à l’égard des dimensions racialisées de la décision et de la production de la main-d’oeuvre agricole au Canada d’une façon générale. Cependant, bien qu’elle soit nécessaire pour aborder les limites de l’analyse juridique savante et jurisprudentielle contemporaine, l’application des idées de la théorie raciale critique ne tient pas suffisamment compte des particularités de l’exploitation de la main-d’oeuvre qui fait partie intégrante du régime canadien de migration temporaire de la main-d’oeuvre. Dans le but d’approfondir l’étude de la racialisation, de la main-d’oeuvre et du droit au Canada, je place les luttes judiciaires et extrajudiciaires des travailleurs agricoles migrants au sein d’une analyse antiraciste du droit qui tient compte des diverses façons dont la racialisation et le racisme influencent la migration de la main-d’oeuvre. La construction du travail migrant fondée sur une catégorie racialisée -- une « nécessité structurelle » dans le cadre de la production agricole -- se fait par l’imposition d’obstacles politico-juridiques organisés par le capitalisme mondial et le système des États nationaux. L’analyse se termine en préconisant l’abandon des approches actuelles relatives à l’étude et à l’exercice du droit du travail, au profit d’un programme transgressif visant à contester ouvertement l’exploitation capitaliste sous toutes ses formes, y compris la réglementation racialisée de la main-d’oeuvre agricole migrante. A1 - Smith, Adrian Y1 - 2013/// KW - migrant workers KW - Migrant Workers KW - Migrant workers KW - SAWP KW - labour rights KW - collective bargaining KW - seasonal agricultural workers KW - racism UR - http://ojs.uwindsor.ca/ojs/leddy/index.php/WYAJ/article/view/4410 Y2 - 2015-10-01 JA - Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice VL - 31 SP - 15 M2 - 15 SP - 15-38 ER - TY - GOVDOC T1 - Évaluation des volets du Programme des travailleurs étrangers temporaires visés par l'avis relatif au marché du travail 2007 à 2010 PB - RHDCC A1 - Ressources Humaines et Développement des Compétences Canada,  A1 - Gouvernement du Canada,  Y1 - 2013/03/26/ UR - http://www.edsc.gc.ca/fra/publications/evaluations/competences_emploi/2013/juillet.shtml Y2 - 2014-03-18 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Les droits au travail des travailleurs étrangers temporaires « peu spécialisés » : (petit) voyage à l’interface du droit du travail et du droit de l’immigration IS - 2013 A1 - Gesualdi-Fecteau, Dalia Y1 - 2013/// UR - http://www.conferencedesjuristes.gouv.qc.ca/textes-de-conferences/pdf/2013/Dalia_Gesualdi_Fecteau.pdf UR - http://www.conferencedesjuristes.gouv.qc.ca/Accueil/textesdeconferences/conference2013.aspx Y2 - 2014-02-04 JA - Textes des conférences de la XXe Conférence des juristes de l'État ER - TY - LEGAL T1 - Employment Insurance Regulations — Regulations Amending Employment Insurance Act SOR/2012-260 A1 - Duffy, Michael Y1 - 2012/12/09/ UR - http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2012/2012-12-19/html/sor-dors260-eng.html UR - http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2012/2012-12-19/html/index-fra.html Y2 - 2015-05-10 ER - TY - THES T1 - Harvesting power and subjugation: Canada's seasonal agricultural workers program in historical context N1 - Paper copy in MWR CY - Peterborough, Ontario PB - Trent University N2 - This thesis explores the Canadian state's rationale for the creation and perpetuation of the Seasonal Agricultural Worker's Program (SAWP). Informed by and building on the writing of Canadian political economists, this thesis provides a composite history of the program from its creation in 1966 to its current-day incarnation. While many scholars have looked to neo-liberalism to analyze the program, SAWP existed long before the term entered the political lexicon and instead fits into a much longer history of racialized immigration and labour policies in Canada. Therefore, though we need to understand the changes wrought by neo-liberalism, we must also acknowledge the historical continuities inherent in SAWP: no matter who was in office, and what political ideology they subscribed to, migrant labour schemes have consistently been relied onto support the state's project of aiding the accumulation of wealth and filling the labour vacuum left behind by Canadians who gained safer, more secure, and more lucrative employment elsewhere. A1 - Glassco, Clare Y1 - 2012/// UR - http://www.labourstudies.ca/en/citation/2044 Y2 - 2016-06-27 VL - History M.A. Graduate Program T2 - Faculty of Arts and Science SP - 132 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Barely legal: racism and migrant farm labour in the context of Canadian multiculturalism IS - 2 N2 - This article investigates how colonial attitudes towards race operate alongside official multiculturalism in Canada to justify the legally exceptional exclusion of migrant farm workers from Canada's socio-political framework. The Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program is presented in this article as a relic of Canada's racist and colonial past, one that continues uninterrupted in the present age of statist multiculturalism. The legal continuation and growth in the use of non-citizens to conduct labour distasteful to Canadian nationals has provided an effective means for the Canadian state to regulate the ongoing flow of non-preferred races on the margins while promoting a pluralist and ethnically diverse political image at home and abroad. In the face of a labour shortage constructed as a political crisis of considerable urgency, the Canadian state has continued to admit non-immigrants into the country to perform labour deemed unattractive yet necessary for the well-being of Canadian citizens while simultaneously suspending the citizenship and individual rights of those same individual migrant workers. By legislating the restriction of rights and freedoms to a permanently revolving door of temporary non-citizens through the mechanism of a guest worker programme, the Canadian state is participating in the bio-political regulation of foreign nationals. A1 - Perry, Adam Y1 - 2012/// KW - Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program KW - race UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13621025.2012.667611#.U2JZ1dwtrcQ Y2 - 2014-05-01 JA - Citizenship Studies VL - 16 SP - 189 M2 - 189 SP - 189-201 ER - TY - THES T1 - The Slavery and Involuntary Servitude of Immigrant Workers: Two Sides of the Same Coin PB - University of San Francisco N2 - This essay argues that the current debate over the treatment of immigrant workers must be informed by the Thirteenth Amendment. Otherwise, immigration policy runes the risk of replicating a system where large groups of workers of color, those who work in the fields and in the homes of white citizens, are deprived of basic human rights, labor protections and the right to participate in the political process because of their race and their status as immigrants. A1 - Ontiveros, Maria L. Y1 - 2011/02/26/ UR - http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121&context=schmooze_papers Y2 - 2016-06-28 VL - Human Rights Law T2 - School of Law SP - 13 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - No Man's Land: Jamaican Guestworkers in America and the Global History of Deportable Labor CY - United States of America PB - Princeton University Press N2 - From South Africa in the nineteenth century to Hong Kong today, nations around the world, including the United States, have turned to guestworker programs to manage migration. These temporary labor recruitment systems represented a state-brokered compromise between employers who wanted foreign workers and those who feared rising numbers of immigrants. Unlike immigrants, guestworkers couldn't settle, bring their families, or become citizens, and they had few rights. Indeed, instead of creating a manageable form of migration, guestworker programs created an especially vulnerable class of labor. Based on a vast array of sources from U.S., Jamaican, and English archives, as well as interviews, No Man's Land tells the history of the American "H2" program, the world's second oldest guestworker program. Since World War II, the H2 program has brought hundreds of thousands of mostly Jamaican men to the United States to do some of the nation's dirtiest and most dangerous farmwork for some of its biggest and most powerful agricultural corporations, companies that had the power to import and deport workers from abroad. Jamaican guestworkers occupied a no man's land between nations, protected neither by their home government nor by the United States. The workers complained, went on strike, and sued their employers in class action lawsuits, but their protests had little impact because they could be repatriated and replaced in a matter of hours. No Man's Land puts Jamaican guestworkers' experiences in the context of the global history of this fast-growing and perilous form of labor migration. Cindy Hahamovitch is the Class of 38 Professor of History at the College of William & Mary. She is an Organization of American Historians Distinguished Lecturer, a Fulbright Fellow and the author of The Fruits of Their Labor: Atlantic Coast Farmworkers and the Making of Migrant Poverty, 1870-1945. A1 - Hahamovitch, Cindy Y1 - 2011/// ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Nouveaux cahiers du socialisme - Migrations: stratégies, acteurs, résistance CY - Canada PB - Le Collectif d'analyse politique et les Éditions Écosociété N2 - Ce nouveau numéro des NCS analyse l’évolution du phénomène de l’immigration au Canada et au Québec. Alors que les immigrantEs représentent 20 % de la main-d’oeuvre au Canada, l’augmentation de la flexibilité et du contrôle des populations migrantes va de pair avec un affaiblissement de leurs droits. Discriminations, exclusion, pauvreté, le sort des immigrantEs ne tend pas à s’améliorer, bien au contraire. Toujours dans une perspective anticapitaliste, les auteurEs montrent comment les sociétés occidentales « gèrent » l’immigration pour répondre aux impératifs de la croissance et du développement capitaliste, laissant loin derrière les besoins et les droits des personnes immigrantes ainsi instrumentalisées. L’étranger reste la figure qui dérange, qui cristallise les peurs et met à distance les causes de nos incertitudes, bien souvent identitaires. Dans ce contexte, quelles stratégies la gauche et les mouvements sociaux doivent mettre en place, avec les immigrantEs, afin de réaliser un programme de lutte pour la justice sociale ? A1 - Helly, Denise A1 - Nakache, Delphine A1 - Hanley, Jill A1 - Gayet, Anne-Claire A1 - Crépeau, François A1 - Pellerin, Hélène A1 - Poulin, Richard A1 - Beaudet, Pierre A1 - Atak, Idil A1 - Couton, Philippe A1 - Mondain, Nathalie A1 - Pierre, Alexandra A1 - Vaddapalli, Nalini A1 - Diagne, Alioune A1 - Boutiyeb, S. A1 - Hadj Mohamed, N. A1 - Alisma, Y. A1 - Muhizi, J-A. A1 - Hébert, Guillaume A1 - Philoctère, Alain A1 - Galvez, Andrea A1 - Moody, Kim A1 - MacAllister, Karine A1 - Wallerstein, Immanuel A1 - Beaucage, Pierre A1 - Warschawski, Michel A1 - D. Cockcroft, James A1 - Cameron, Donald A1 - Vincent, André A1 - Cyr, François Y1 - 2011/// ER - TY - GEN T1 - Canadian Labour Congress response to IRPA Regulatory Changes Regarding Temporary Foreign Workers PB - CLC N2 - by Karl Flecker National Director Anti-Racism and Human Rights Department Canadian Labour Congress January 5, 2010 A1 - Canadian Labour Congress,  A1 - Karl, Flecker Y1 - 2010/01/05/ UR - http://www.canadianlabour.ca/sites/default/files/pdfs/IRPA-Changes-FW-EN.pdf Y2 - 2014-04-16 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Bad-boss blacklist to protect nannies N2 - Employers who abuse foreign workers will be blacklisted and denied permission to hire another foreigner for two years, according to tough new regulations proposed by the Harper government. A1 - Brazao, Dale Y1 - 2009/10/15/ KW - recruiters KW - regulations KW - employers KW - abuses KW - Temporary migrant workers program KW - LIve-in caregivers program UR - http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/2009/10/15/bademployer_blacklist_to_protect_nannies.html Y2 - 2014-05-03 JA - Toronto Star ER - TY - RPRT T1 - 2009 Fall Report of the Auditor General of Canada. Chapter 2 - Selecting Foreign Workers Under the Immigration Program PB - Office of the Auditor General of Canada N2 - Main Points What we examined In Canada, the federal government and the provinces and territories share jurisdiction over immigration. Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) is generally responsible for the selection of immigrants and other foreign nationals and for ensuring that they are admissible—that is, that they do not present any risk to the health and safety of Canadians. The Department has also signed agreements with most provinces and territories allowing them to play an active role in selecting immigrants to meet the specific needs of their labour markets. In 2008, Canada admitted about 250,000 people as permanent residents, including about 150,000 individuals and their immediate family members selected on the basis of attributes that would enable them to succeed in a dynamic labour market, such as education, professional experience, and official language ability. In addition, Canada allowed almost 370,000 temporary foreign workers in 2008 to fill a short-term need for labour. We examined how CIC plans for and manages programs designed to facilitate the entry of permanent and temporary workers into Canada and the recognition of foreign credentials in Canada. In addition, we looked at the role of Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (HRSDC) in supporting the planning and delivery of these programs, including the issuance of labour market opinions by its Service Canada offices. The audit covered the period from June 2002, when the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act came into effect, to 30 June 2009. Our audit did not cover how CIC assesses whether applicants are admissible to Canada or how the provinces and territories nominate candidates for selection. Nor did we examine the Canada Border Services Agency’s processing of work permit applications at points of entry into Canada. Why it’s important Immigration has played an important role in the economic, social, and cultural development of Canada throughout our history. Its role is just as important today, given our aging population and labour force. Canada has an ongoing need for permanent workers with various skills and must compete with other countries to attract them. In addition, Canada has a need for various types of temporary workers to address short-term needs of the labour market, which vary from year to year and from region to region of the country. It is critical that the government’s programs to facilitate the entry of permanent and temporary workers be designed and delivered in a way to ensure that the right people are available at the right time to meet the needs of the Canadian labour market. The choices that are made now will affect the kind of society Canada has in the future. What we found Although CIC followed a sound decision-making process in 2008 to design the Canadian Experience Class (a category of skilled foreign workers and students with Canadian work experience), the Department has made other key decisions without properly assessing their costs and benefits, risks, and potential impacts on other programs and delivery mechanisms. Program changes in recent years have resulted in a significant shift in the types of workers being admitted permanently to Canada under the immigration program’s economic component. We saw little evidence that this shift is part of any well-defined strategy to best meet the needs of the Canadian labour market. The inventory of applications in the Federal Skilled Worker category has almost doubled since our 2000 audit and, in December 2008, represented more than 620,000 people waiting an average of 63 months for a decision on whether they would be admitted. Measures taken by CIC in 2008 to limit the number of new applications—for example, processing only those that meet new, more narrowly defined criteria—were not based on sufficient analysis of their potential effects. While it is too early to assess their full impact, trends in the number of applications received since the beginning of 2009 indicate that they might not have the desired effect, and CIC could be unable to process new applications within the 6 to 12 months it has forecast. Furthermore, CIC does not know and has not defined how much time it should take to clear the inventory of applications on hand when the measures were introduced. CIC and HRSDC have not clearly defined their respective roles and responsibilities in assessing the genuineness of job offers and how that assessment is to be carried out. As a result, work permits could be issued to temporary foreign workers for employers or jobs that do not exist. In addition, there is no systematic follow-up by either department to verify that in their previous and current employment of temporary foreign workers, employers have complied with the terms and conditions (such as wages and accommodations) under which the work permits were issued. This creates risks to program integrity and could leave many foreign workers in a vulnerable position, particularly those who are physically or linguistically isolated from the general community or are unaware of their rights. Furthermore, weaknesses in the practices for issuing labour market opinions raise questions about the quality and consistency of decisions being made by HRSDC officers. CIC has successfully introduced a number of initiatives and tools to address some of the inefficiencies we reported in 2000 in its processing of applications in missions overseas. However, efficiency gains will be seriously limited until an information technology system that has been under development for almost 10 years is implemented in missions abroad and CIC makes effective use of available technologies. In the meantime, employees in missions abroad are still buried in paperwork and spending a great deal of their time on clerical tasks. In addition, while the Department has developed a quality assurance framework that is available to all missions, immigration program managers are not required to use it or to report on quality assurance. Therefore, CIC still has little assurance that overall, decisions by visa officers are fair and consistent. The entities have responded. The entities agree with all of the recommendations. Their responses follow each recommendation throughout the chapter. A1 - Office of the Auditor General of Canada,  Y1 - 2009/// UR - http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_oag_200911_02_e_33203.html Y2 - 2014-04-29 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Indentured Guests - How the H-2A and H-2B Temporary Guest Worker Programs Create the Conditions for Indentured Servitude and Why Upfront Reimbursement for Guest Workers' Transportation, Visa and Recruitment Costs is the Solution N2 - In mid-August of 2006, the Southern Poverty Law Center ("SPLC") filed suit on behalf of over eighty guest workers from Bolivia, Peru, and the Dominican Republic against a prominent New Orleans hotel owner alleging that his failure to reimburse workers' travel costs to New Orleans from their respective home countries pushed their wages below the legal federal minimum wage and effectively locked them into a state of de-facto debt peonage. 1 The circumstances that led to this suit arose after Hurricane Katrina when Decatur Hotels, owned by Patrick Quinn, certified with the U.S. Department of Labor that it could not find sufficient domestic workers in the New Orleans region and requested H-2B temporary guest workers to fill the open positions. 2 The Department of Labor granted the immigrant workers visas, and an estimated 300 Caribbean and South American workers came to New Orleans. 3 These workers, though professionals in their home countries, left with the understanding that they would have a nine-month contract, be paid between $ 6.02 and $ 7.79 an hour for a forty-hour week, and have the opportunity to earn substantial overtime pay. 4 In order to make the trip to the United States under the H-2B program, these guest workers borrowed large sums of money, reportedly between $ 3500 and $ 5000. A1 - Ashby, Bryce W. Y1 - 2007/// UR - https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&doctype=cite&docid=38+U.+Mem.+L.+Rev.+893&key=5c92166d9d866800006cee8fc564376e Y2 - 2011-09-20 JA - U. Mem. L. Rev. VL - 38 SP - 893 M2 - 893 SP - 893-921 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Immigrant Rights and the Thirteenth Amendment IS - 2 PB - Sage Publications, Inc. N2 - When thousands of immigrants and immigrant rights supporters took the streets on May 1, 2006, it felt like the coming of age of a social movement akin to the civil rights movement of the 1950s-60s or the labor movement of the 1930s-40s. Just as sanitation workers in Memphis, supported by Martin Luther King, Jr., carried signs proclaiming "I Am a Man" to support their fight for labor, civil, and human rights, immigrant rights groups have also invoked a range of moral justifications. Immigrant rights groups speak about human rights, workers' rights, citizenship rights, and civil rights. Immigrants, especially immigrant workers and their families, might as well draw on the language of the Thirteenth Amendment. A1 - Ontiveros, Maria L. Y1 - 2007/// UR - https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40342929.pdf?_=1467133627096 Y2 - 2016-06-28 JA - New Labor Forum VL - 16 SP - 26 M2 - 26 SP - 26-33 ER - TY - GEN T1 - Transcript : Labour Immigration Policies N2 - Program : The Rutherford Show Time : 10:05 Length : 20 minutes A1 - Rutherford, Dave A1 - McIsaac, Elizabeth Y1 - 2007/05/22/ ER - TY - NEWS T1 - The Tories get down and dirty A1 - Goldstein, Lorrie Y1 - 2007/05/18/ JA - The Toronto Sun SP - 16 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Why we need oppositions A1 - The Telegram,  Y1 - 2007/05/18/ JA - The Telegram SP - 6 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Alberta-bred strippers save clubs from crackdown A1 - Cryderman, Kelly Y1 - 2007/05/18/ JA - B1 (Front) ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Immigration : Exotic Dancers A1 - Dobrota, Alex Y1 - 2007/05/17/ JA - Globe and Mail SP - 7 ER - TY - GEN T1 - Transcript: Panel discussion on Exotic Dancers N2 - Program : The verdict Time : 21:29 Length: 11:50 minutes A1 - Todd, Paula A1 - Kurkland, Richard A1 - Lambrinos, Tim A1 - Muise, John Y1 - 2007/05/16/ ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Boom's deadly toll CY - Edmonton N2 - Two Chinese workers died in an accident on the construction site of an oilsands company, Canadian Natural Resources Ltd.'s Horizon. This is because of the Alberta Tories' botched and deadly policy about migrant temporary workers. The government doesn't seem to care about this accident and the other parties don't seem to ask the right questions. A1 - Waugh, Neil Y1 - 2007/04/27/ KW - policy KW - oilsands KW - accident KW - safety KW - Chinese JA - The Edmonton Sun SP - 62 ER - TY - PCOMM T1 - Notes d'allocution de l'association canadienne des relations industrielles pour le ministre du Travail et ministre de l'Agent de développement économique du Canada pour les régions du Québec CY - Calgary PB - RHDSC A1 - Association canadienne des relations industrielles,  Y1 - 2007/01/22/ ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Slave Trade Debate: Contemporary Writings For and Against CY - Oxford PB - Bodleian Library N2 - At the height of the debate about the slave trade and its abolition in the 1780s and ’90s, each side issued pamphlets in support of its position. This publication reproduces a selection of representative pamphlets encompassing the arguments put forward by each side. The pamphlets discuss many of the issues including humanitarianism and the Rights of Man, the economic well-being of Britain’s colonial territories in the aftermath of the loss of the American colonies, the state of the British merchant marine and the Royal Navy, the condition of the poor in England, and, not least, the economic and moral condition of the slaves themselves, not only in the West Indies but also in Africa. Both sides drew freely on scriptural sources to support their case, thus providing a fascinating sidelight on theological debate of the time.The book includes pamphlets written by the Duke of Clarence, later King William IV, and by Sir John Gladstone (father of the Prime Minister) in support of the trade, and sets these against the leading abolitionists such as Wilberforce. It also includes a transcript of part of the unpublished journal of James Ramsay, a well-known abolitionist, in which he provides model answers for abolitionists asked to testify before a committee of enquiry.The introduction explains the background to each pamphlet and sets them in their collective historical and social context.Illustrated by the well-known engraving of the slaver Brookes, and by plans of Cape Coast slave castles, this book is a culturally fascinating read and will become a valuable source-book for students and scholars alike. A1 - Pinfold, John Y1 - 2007/// KW - Slave Trade KW - Colonialism ER - TY - GOVDOC T1 - Le nouveau gouvernement du Canada annonce de nouvelles mesures pour aider les employeurs de l'Ontario qui veulent embaucher des travailleurs étrangers PB - Gouvernement du Canada A1 - Government of Canada,  Y1 - 2006/12/08/ UR - http://news.gc.ca/web/article-fr.do?nid=261419 Y2 - 2014-04-20 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Formes de travail non libre: "Accumulation primitive. préhistoire ou histoire continuée du capitalisme?" IS - Cahier 179/180 PB - EHESS N2 - La persistance actuelle de nombreuses et récurrentes exceptions au salariat libre dans le monde conduit à se poser la question du statut de ces << exceptions >>: sont-elles des vestiges anachroniques d'un passe féodal ou des << societées traditionnelles >>, constituent-elles un mode de fonctionnement << normal >> d'un capitalisme par ailleurs parfaitement inscrit dans la modemite ? Peut-on parler d'esclavage moderne ? Si nous avons affaire a des formes non libres de travail, comment peuvent-elles subsister dans un systeme où le << travail libre >> est dominant ? Accumulation primitive, prehistoire du capitalisme qui ne fait pas partie de son histoire propre, ou bien partie intégrante de l'histoire du << capitalisme historique >> ? L'on remarquera au passage qu'on ne peut, dans ce dernier cas, se contenter de convoquer le terme d'esclavage sans s'interroger sur son statut: description complete a vocation explicative, métaphore rigoureusement construite, rapprochement beaucoup plus vague? A1 - Moulier-Boutang, Yann Y1 - 2005/// UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4393531.pdf?_=1467132361210 Y2 - 2016-06-28 JA - Cahiers d'Études Africaines VL - 45 SP - 1069 M2 - 1069 SP - 1069-1092 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - "To Soften the Extreme Rigor of Their Bondage": James Stephen's Attempt to Reform the Criminal Slave Laws of the West Indies, 1813-1833 IS - 3 CY - Cambridge University Press PB - American Society for Legal History, Inc. N2 - From 1813 - 1833 Stephen, Jr. spent as much time as he could endure working for the protection of slaves in British colonial law and, ultimately, for the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire. This article shows the way in which he tried to get better legal protection for the slaves in the West Indies. A1 - Smandych, Russell Y1 - 2005/// UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30042898.pdf?_=1467039398585 Y2 - 2016-06-27 JA - Law and History Review VL - 23 SP - 537 M2 - 537 SP - 537-588 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Plan d'action québécois sur l'immigration - Québec rétablit les allocations à la francisation N2 - Après avoir réduit de 24 millions l'enveloppe de l'Immigration dans le dernier budget, le gouvernement revient sur ses pas et réinjecte 16 millions pour mettre en oeuvre le plan d'action lancé hier par la ministre des Relations avec les citoyens et de l'Immigration, Michelle Courchesne. Ces fonds supplémentaires permettront notamment de rétablir des allocations de formation de 115 $ pour les immigrants inscrits à des cours de français. A1 - Cauchy, Claireandrée Y1 - 2004/05/21/ KW - immigration KW - Québec KW - allocations KW - francisation UR - http://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/55148/plan-d-action-quebecois-sur-l-immigration-quebec-retablit-les-allocations-a-la-francisation Y2 - 2014-04-22 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Les propos sur l'immigration tenus hier en France par le Premier Ministre Charest contredisent les mesures dictées par le Conseil du Trésor PB - Table de concertation des organismes au services des personnes réfugiées et immigrantes N2 - Coupure dans les programmes de francisation pour les immigrants en 2004 au Québec. A1 - Table de concertation des organismes au service des personnes réfugiées et immigrantes,  Y1 - 2004/05/04/ KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - intégration KW - immigrant ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Montréal critiquée sur l'immigration A1 - Journal Métro,  Y1 - 2004/04/29/ KW - immigration KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - intégration JA - Métro ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Compression de plus de 50 % du programme d’intégration - Couper dans la francisation c'est diviser N2 - Coupure dans le programme de francisation des immigrants en 2004. A1 - Beaulieu, Mario Y1 - 2004/// KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - intégration UR - http://archives.lautjournal.info/autjourarchives.asp?article=1938&noj=229 Y2 - 2014-04-22 JA - L'Aut'Journal ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Immigrants decry cuts CY - Montreal N2 - Thousands of persons were all standing in front on Jean Charest's house to demonstrate how they felt about the cuts in the French classes program. They claim it will harm them and they won't be able to find a job if they don't get to learn french. A1 - Riga, Andy Y1 - 2004/04/19/ KW - immigration KW - emploi KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - intégration JA - The Gazette ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Des immigrants à la défense de leurs cours de français CY - Montreal A1 - Otis-Dionne, Geneviève Y1 - 2004/04/19/ KW - immigration KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - intégration UR - http://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/52531/des-immigrants-a-la-defense-de-leurs-cours-de-francais Y2 - 2014-04-22 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Manifestation pour le droit au français N2 - Plusieurs centaines de personnes ont manifesté, dimanche, devant les bureaux du premier ministre Charest à Montréal, pour dénoncer les compressions dans les services offerts aux nouveaux arrivants. A1 - Radio-Canada.ca,  Y1 - 2004/04/18/ KW - immigration KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - intégration JA - Radio-Canada ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Manifestation pour le droit au français le dimanche 18 avril 2004 N2 - Annonce poru la Manifestaiton du 18 avril 2004 devant les bureaux du Premier ministre Jean Charest pour exprimer le mécontentement face aux coupures dans le programme de francisation des immigrants. Y1 - 2004/04/17/ KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - manifestation JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Québec ne retourne pas aux immigrants tout l,argent reçu d'Ottawa A1 - Lévesque, Kathleen Y1 - 2004/04/07/ KW - coupure KW - compression KW - Accord Canada-Québec KW - budget UR - http://media1.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/51664/quebec-ne-retourne-pas-aux-immigrants-tout-l-argent-recu-d-ottawa Y2 - 2014-04-22 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Immigration: l'insertion en emploi primera la francisation A1 - Cauchy, Claireandrée Y1 - 2004/04/06/ KW - emploi KW - Québec KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - compression UR - http://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/51588/immigration-l-insertion-en-emploi-primera-la-francisation Y2 - 2014-04-22 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Coup de hache dans la francisation N2 - Les effets du dernier budget du ministre des Finances Yves Séguin se font déjà sentir parmi la population immigrante du Québec. Forcé d'épargner, le ministère de l'Immigration doit sabrer les mesures incitatives touchant l'apprentissage du français et doit mettre fin aux cours de langue dans les Carrefours d'intégration. L'allocation de quelque 150 $ versée chaque semaine aux immigrés pour leur permettre de se libérer du travail et de suivre des cours de français rétrécira à 30 $ à partir du mois de mai et portera dorénavant le nom d'allocation à la participation. L'autre coupe touche tous les cours de français donnés dans les Carrefours d'intégration du Québec. À partir de septembre, ces cours seront redéployés dans les cégeps, les universités et les écoles secondaires. Le Ministère prévoit ainsi économiser quelque 2 millions annuellement en frais de location de salles de cours. Selon ceux qui travaillent auprès des nouveaux arrivants, ces deux mesures auront un seul résultat: ralentir la francisation. « Dans les crédits qui ont été présentés, on voit des coupes de l'ordre de 15 millions et c'est surtout la francisation qui écope », note Stephan Reichhold, directeur général de la Table de concertation des organismes au service des personnes réfugiées et immigrantes. A1 - Perreault, Laura-Julie Y1 - 2004/04/05/ KW - immigration KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - intégration JA - La Presse ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Le Programme des aides familiaux résidants - Son impact sur les femmes philippines au Canada N2 - L'article décrit le Programme des aides familiaux résidants institué en 1992 par Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada (CIC). Il s'agit d'un programme d'immigration du gouvernement canadien drainant plusieurs femmes de pays sous-développés et majoritairement des Philippines. Celles-ci ont la possibilité d'obtenir le statut d'immigrante reçue après avoir travaillé 24 mois comme aide familialerésidante dans une période de 3 ans. Selon l'article, il s'agit d'une ségrégation des femmes philippines comme main-d'oeuvre bon marché contribuant au cycle de pauvreté de la communauté philippine au Canada. Le programme devient de plus en plus régressif et exploitant avec la mondialisation corporative. A1 - Solidarity Across Borders,  Y1 - 2004/// KW - Philippines KW - Exploitation KW - domestique KW - PAFR KW - abus JA - Solidarité sans frontières SP - 7 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Les immigrants, les grands perdants N2 - Les immigrants sont les grands perdants de la présentation du budget des dépenses du gouvernement du Québec pour l'année 2004-05. Ils devront faire face à une baisse de services directs de près de 20 millions, notamment dans l'apprentissage du français. A1 - Lévesque, Kathleen Y1 - 2004/03/31/ KW - Immigrants KW - francisation KW - coupure KW - budget UR - http://media2.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/51156/les-immigrants-les-grands-perdants Y2 - 2014-04-22 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Immigrants: Emploi-Québec résiste devant les demandes du gouvernement CY - Montreal N2 - Le gouvernement libéral se heurte à l'inertie de sa propre machine administrative dans son désir de faire des immigrants une clientèle cible pour Emploi-Québec. A1 - Lévesque, Kathleen Y1 - 2004/03/25/ KW - Emploi-Québec KW - Ministère des Relations avec les citoyens et l'immigration UR - http://www.ledevoir.com/societe/actualites-en-societe/50659/immigrants-emploi-quebec-resiste-devant-les-demandes-du-gouvernement Y2 - 2014-04-23 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - À la queue leu leu pour apprendre le français CY - Montréal N2 - Le nombre d'immigrants augmente sans cesse alors que les services de soutien aux immigrants, dont les cours de français, sont saturés. A1 - Perreault, Laura-Julie Y1 - 2004/02/24/ KW - Services KW - francisation KW - support aux immigrants KW - coupures JA - La Presse ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Plan d'action de lutte contre la pauvreté - L'Aide sociale discriminera les immigrants autonomes N2 - Le gouvernement du Québec entend retarder l'accès à l'aide sociale pour les immigrants indépendants, selon ce qui est proposé dans le Plan d'action gouvernemental en matière de lutte contre la pauvreté et l'exclusion sociale 2003-08, dont Le Devoir a révélé des pans depuis lundi. A1 - Lévesque, Kathleen A1 - Chouinard, Tommy Y1 - 2003/11/12/ KW - Sécurité sociale KW - sécurité de revenu UR - http://www.ledevoir.com/societe/actualites-en-societe/40417/plan-d-action-de-lutte-contre-la-pauvrete-l-aide-sociale-discriminera-les-immigrants-autonomes Y2 - 2014-04-23 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - L'Église catholique talonne le ministre de l'Immigration - À la défense des réfugiés menacés d'expulsion CY - Montreal N2 - Le ministre de l'Immigration, Denis Coderre, se fait talonner de près maintenant par l'Église catholique, qui demande ouvertement la mise en application du mécanisme d'appel pour les réfugiés, tel que promis dans la nouvelle loi sur l'immigration. A1 - Léger, Marie-France Y1 - 2003/10/08/ KW - réfugiés KW - expulsion KW - droit d'appel KW - Église JA - La Presse SP - 18 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Extradition de deux réfugiés basques - Les avocats contestent la décision du ministre de la Justice CY - Montreal A1 - Morissette, Nathaëlle Y1 - 2003/09/20/ KW - réfugiés KW - expulsion UR - http://www.danielturp.org/main.php?p=media/2003/20-09-03.htm Y2 - 2014-04-28 JA - La Presse SP - 15 ER - TY - NEWS T1 - How to nip refugee horror stories in the bud N2 - In the few next days, Canada is expected to deport Bilquees Fatima, 63, a woman who can barely walk, suffers from a heart condition and needs dialysis treatment. She will likely be sent to the United States, through which she passed on her way to Canada and where she is unlikely to get proper medical attention. A1 - Goldman, Richard Y1 - 2003/09/06/ KW - refugees KW - expulsion JA - The Gazette ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Acharnement injustifié - Joseph Ndayizigiye a attendu trois and avant d'être admis au Canada CY - Quebec N2 - Tous les dossiers de réfugiés souffrent de longueurs injustifiées. Mais dans le cas des Ndayizigiye, Immigration Canada a atteint un summum. Le service des visas canadiens à Abidja sont montrés du doigt, en Côte-d'Ivoire. Le service s'est acharné en multipliant les demandes à son enquête de sécurité. A1 - Samson, Claudette Y1 - 2003/08/31/ KW - réfugiés JA - Le Soleil ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Québec verse 6,3 millions pour l'intégration des immigrants - Les organismes communautaires trouvent l'effort bien modeste N2 - Québec - Les organismes voués à l'intégration des immigrants recevront cette année une subvention à la hausse de 4 % comparativement à l'an dernier, soit 6,3 millions de dollars. A1 - Le Devoir,  Y1 - 2003/07/23/ KW - Immigrants KW - subvention UR - http://media2.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/32410/quebec-verse-6-3-millions-pour-l-integration-des-immigrants Y2 - 2014-04-28 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Assurance sociale: les nouvelles normes nuisent aux immigrants N2 - Les immigrants et les réfugiés qui arrivent au Canada depuis le 30 juin ont plus de difficultés à se trouver un appartement, à dénicher un emploi ou à ouvrir un compte bancaire. Ces problèmes, qui frappent de plein fouet les 750 étrangers qui mettent les pieds à Montréal chaque mois, sont causés par la décision du ministère du Développement des ressources humaines du Canada (DRHC) de changer les méthodes d'attribution de la carte d'assurance sociale. Les organismes communautaires se disent «fâchés» de la décision, qui «va vraiment compliquer la vie des immigrants». Dorénavant, les nouveaux arrivants doivent absolument demander un permis de travail avant d'obtenir un numéro d'assurance sociale. A1 - Castonguay, Alec Y1 - 2003/07/04/ KW - Immigrants KW - assurance sociale UR - http://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/31140/assurance-sociale-les-nouvelles-normes-nuisent-aux-immigrants Y2 - 2014-04-28 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Quebec budget threatens services for immigrants A1 - Karunananthan, Meera Y1 - 2003/07/01/ KW - Services KW - cuts UR - http://journal.alternatives.ca/spip.php?article733 Y2 - 2014-04-29 JA - Alternatives Newspaper ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Deux commissaires soupçonnés de corruption N2 - Au terme d'une longue enquête d'infiltration et d'écoute électronique, la Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC) soupçonne deux commissaires montréalais de la Commission de l'immigration et du statut de réfugié (CISR) d'avoir participé à un nébuleux réseau de corruption, par lequel ils auraient reçu des pots-de-vin d'immigrants en échange de jugements favorables. A1 - Péloquin, Tristan Y1 - 2003/06/07/ KW - gouvernement fédéral KW - corruption JA - La Presse ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Soulagement chez les intervenants en immigration N2 - Les consultants en immigration ne peuvent que se réjouir des intentions du ministre Denis Coderre de créer un organisme de réglementation pour ces professionnels, dont l'image a été ternie ces dernières années par des abus commis auprès des candidats à l'immigration par une petite minorité sans scrupule. A1 - Léger, Marie-France Y1 - 2003/05/10/ KW - consultants KW - fraude JA - La Presse ER - TY - NEWS T1 - Michelle Courchesne au Devoir - Le gouvernement ne donnera pas l'immigration en sous-traitance A1 - Lévesque, Kathleen Y1 - 2003/// UR - http://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/38996/michelle-courchesne-au-devoir-le-gouvernement-ne-donnera-pas-l-immigration-en-sous-traitance Y2 - 2014-04-29 JA - Le Devoir ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Le Comité consultatif sur la réglementation des activités des consultants en immigration soumet son rapport au Ministre Coderre PB - Comité consultatif sur la réglementation des activités des consultants en immigration N2 - Le rapport du Comité consultatif sur la réglementation des activités des consultants en immigration a été présenté au Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l'Immigration, Denis Coderre. Le Comité a fait des recommandations relatives à la régulation et à la supervision des activités des consultants en immigration. A1 - Comité consultatif sur la réglementation des activités des consultants en immigration,  Y1 - 2003/// KW - Consultant KW - règlement T3 - Communiqué ER - TY - EJOUR T1 - Human Rights and Citizenship: the Case of Mexican Migrants in Canada PB - Working Papers, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies, UC San Diego N2 - According to several scholars, the emergence of supra-national human rights institutions have caused a fundamental shift from national citizenship (a nation-based notion of rights) to post-national citizenship )a more individual-based universal conception of rights based on an international human rights regime). The notion of "postnational citizenship" has been challenged by many researchers who have argued that universal principles of human rights cannot be implemented and enforced without the consent of nation-states. Although nation-states have demonstrated a certain degree of respect for universal principles, their commitment to the ideas of post-national citizenship are based on a conception of citizenship rooted in membership in a particular bound community. The two notions of citizenship--one linked to inclusive universal rights and the other to membership in an exclusive community--are at times contradictory. Using the case of Mexican migrants working in Canada, this presentation will emphasize the difference between rights as a set of principles and laws on the one hand, and their actual practice and implementation on the other. Basok will argue that whereas legal access to economic rights has been extended to non-citizens residing in the national territory of sovereign nation-states, membership in the national community has often been denied to them, thus precluding them from exercising the rights to which they have been granted legal access. A1 - Basok, Tanya Y1 - 2003/// UR - http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3m1168t3 Y2 - 2011-08-04 JA - Working Paper VL - 72 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Plus que parfaites: les aides familiales à Montréal 1850-2000 CY - Montréal PB - Les éditions du remue-ménage N2 - Pendant plus de trois siècles, le service domestique a été la principale forme de travail rémunéré des femmes au Québec. Dans Plus que parfaites, les auteures présentent l'évolution du travail domestique selon une perspective sociohistorique de 1850 à nos jours. Enrichi de plusieurs témoignages d'aides familiales et de personnes chez qui elles ont travaillé, Plus que parfaites présente également les luttes menées par l'Association des aides familiales du Québec depuis plus de deux décennies afin de faire reconnaître un travail encore mal défini. Un ouvrage touchant et chaleureux qui rend hommage à plusieurs générations de femmes. L'artiste Raphaëlle de Groot a réalisé l'exposition Plus que parfaites. Chroniques du travail en maison privée, 1920-2000, présentée au Centre d'histoire de Montréal en collaboration avec l'Association des aides familiales du Québec. La sociologue Elizabeth Ouellet a effectué pour l'Association plusieurs recherches sur le travail des aides familiales. A1 - de Groot, Raphaëlle A1 - Ouellet, Elizabeth Y1 - 2001/// ER - TY - JOUR T1 - From Slaves, Convicts, and Servants to Free Passengers: The Transformation of Immigration in the Era of the American Revolution IS - 1 PB - Oxford University Press N2 - For the first two centuries of the history of British North America, one word best characterizes the status of the vast majority of immigrants -servitude. From the founding ofJamestown until the Revolution, nearly three-fourths of all immigrants to the thirteen colonies arrived in some condition of unfreedom. (See tables 1 and 2.) These migrations of slaves, convicts, and servants played a critical role in the demographic, economic, social, and cultural development of the colonies. When they came (or were brought) in large numbers, these strangers often caused a sen- sation in colonial society. Yet at a time when servitude was considered "normal," few were concerned that their arrival in America meant a temporary or permanent loss of freedom for most of them.1 A1 - Fogleman, Aaron S. Y1 - 1998/06/23/ UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/2568431 Y2 - 2016-06-23 JA - Oxford Journals VL - 83 SP - 43 M2 - 43 SP - 43-76 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Struggle over Immigration: Indentured Servants, Slaves, and Articles of Commerce IS - 4 PB - HeinOnline N2 - This article moves beyond a textual analysis to argue that the origins of this struggle can be found over two centuries earlier in the history of indentured servitude and slavery. The existence and dominance of indentured servitude as a means of immigration ensured that early immigration regulation operated with the assumption that people were articles of commerce. Before independence, this assumption went unquestioned. But as slavery, indentured servitude, and immigration intertwined between Independence and the end of the Civil War, this assumption - that persons entering from abroad were "articles of commerce"- became one for the most disputed questions of constitutional law. A1 - Bilder, Mary Sarah Y1 - 1996/// UR - http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3286&context=mlr Y2 - 2016-06-23 JA - Missouri Law Review VL - 61 SP - 745 M2 - 745 SP - 745 - 819 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Wage Labour Deferred: The Recreation of Unfree Labour in the US South N1 - Paper copy in MWR - no pdf. IS - 4 N2 - Contrary to the mainstream economic view that unfree labour in the US ended with the Emancipation, this article argues that an unfree labour system continued to dominate southern agriculture in the post Civil War period. Part I details how the southern land tenure system, contract labour laws, and credit system combined to create a social structure of accumulation [Edwards, Gordon and Reich, 1982] that effectively trapped a majority of sharecroppers in debt peonage. However, unlike Ransom and Sutch [1977] I argue that it was the planter and not the merchant, class who were the chief architects and beneficiaries of the unfree labour system. Part II creates a model showing how this ‘unfree’ social structure of accumulation led to the limited and skewed patterns of industrial development, the low level of technological innovation in agriculture, the eventual creation of a large surplus labour pool, and the depressed wage rates that have characterised the American South up to the 1970s. A1 - Angelo, Larian Y1 - 1995/// UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03066159508438590 Y2 - 2016-06-27 JA - The Journal of Peasant Studies VL - 22 SP - 581 M2 - 581 SP - 581-644 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Beggars Can't Be Choosers: Compulsion and Contract in Postbellum America IS - 4 PB - Oxford University Press N2 - This essay explores how the authors of the vagrancy legislation, most of whom were philanthropists deeply imbued with antislavery beliefs, reconciled a venerable system of compulsion aimed at free but dependent people with the ascendant doc- trine of liberty of contract. It diverges from themes central to previous studies of postbellum charity reform: the rise of professional philanthropy, the transformation in explanations for poverty, the discovery of mass unemployment. It also shifts the focus from the advent of tramps and the plight of transients to the disorder per- sonified by the beggar, someone who got something for nothing. Here, the prob- lems of begging, contract relations, and forced labor take center stage, set against the backdrop of the abolition of slavery. A1 - Stanley, Amy Dru Y1 - 1992/03/23/ UR - URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2079343 Y2 - 2016-06-23 JA - Oxford Journals VL - 78 SP - 1263 M2 - 1263 SP - 1263-1293 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Enquête sur les besoins québécois en matière de personnel domestique PB - Direction des politique et programmes d'immigration MCCI A1 - Direction des politique et programmes d'immigration MCCI,  A1 - Benzakour , Chakib A1 - Lemay, Marie-Josée Y1 - 1991/// T3 - Rapport d'enquête ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Le salariat agricole au Québec IS - 1 A1 - Moran, Paul John A1 - Trudeau, Gilles Y1 - 1991/// UR - https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/1792/A1.364%20WP%20102.pdf;jsessionid=8F4F36763302666CA332B902939C7E9B?sequence=1 Y2 - 2014-03-27 JA - Relations industrielles/Industrial Relations VL - 46 ER - TY - THES T1 - Être femme, domestique et travailleuse temporaire au Québec CY - Montréal PB - Université de Montréal A1 - Bals, Myriam Y1 - 1990/// VL - Maître es sciences (M.Sc.) en service social T2 - Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maitre ès sciences en service social SP - 165 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Whence They Came: Deportation from Canada 1900-1935 CY - Canada PB - University of Ottawa Press N2 - Until recently, immigration policy was largely in the hands of a small group of bureaucrats, who strove desperately to fend off 'offensive' peoples." Barbara Roberts explores these government officials, showing how they not only kept the doors closed but also managed to find a way to get rid of some of those who managed to break through their carefully guarded barriers. Robert`s important book, explores a dark history, with an honest and objective style. A1 - Roberts, Barbara Y1 - 1988/// ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Feminization of Temporary Workers: The Canadian Case IS - 2 N2 - An examination of the F component of the temporary worker flows in Canada. Unpublished data from Employment & Immigration Canada indicate that Fs represent 40% of the workers granted Employment Authorizations between 1979 & 1985 & that they predominate in the labor component of the temporary worker flow. Sex & type of employment authorizations intersect to create important distinctions among temporary workers & univariate tabulations oversimplify the Canadian Employment Authorization program's current situation. Recent studies which argue for sex-specific analysis of migration flows are supported. 6 Tables, 28 References. AA A1 - Boyd, Monica Y1 - 1987/// UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1986.tb01005.x/abstract Y2 - 2011-05-27 JA - International Migration/Migrations Internationales/Migraciones Internationales VL - 24 ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Some aspects of the Labour Market Significance of the Employment Visa System IS - August 1976 A1 - NIelsen, Soren Y1 - 1976/// T3 - Research Projects Group Strategic Planning and Research Division ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Negro Involuntary Servitude in the South, 1865-1940: A Preliminary Analysis IS - 1 PB - Southern Historical Association N2 - THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT FORMALLY ENDED SLAVERY, BUT THE legacy of bondage proved stubbornly persistent. Seventy-five years after emancipation black forced labor remained common in many areas of the South. While historians of the South have devoted much attention to the oppressive effects of sharecropping, tenantry, the crop-lien system, and peonage, few have addressed themselves to the larger system of involuntary servitude within which these factors operated. From a legal standpoint this system comprised a variety of state laws aimed at making it possible for both individuals and local governments to acquire and hold black labor virtually at will. Beyond this, involuntary servitude was a creature of custom dependent upon community attitudes which sanctioned the use of forced labor. Occasionally such attitudes even allowed whites to compel labor from Negroes without the pretense of a legal justification. A1 - Cohen, William Y1 - 1976/02/01/ UR - http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2205660.pdf Y2 - 2016-06-27 JA - The Journal of Southern History VL - 42 SP - 31 M2 - 31 SP - 31-60 ER -